Workplace harassment, and violence or threats and its associations with mental ill health

Main results

The main result showed that workplace exposures (including bullying, sexual harassment, discrimination, threats, and violence) were associated with mental ill health (depression, anxiety, burnout, and PTSD). However, substantial heterogeneity between reviews and primary studies within the reviews precludes firm conclusions regarding the magnitude and consistency of these associations. Moreover, the certainty of the results is limited. SBU rated the risk of bias as moderate or high for the majority of the included reviews. There is also insufficient evidence to draw conclusions regarding gender differences or the impact of exposure duration based on this umbrella review.