This publication was published more than 5 years ago. The state of knowledge may have changed.

Endometriosis – Diagnosis, treatment and patient experiences

A systematic review and assessment of medical, economic, social and ethical aspects

Reading time approx. 60 minutes Published: Publication type:

SBU Assessment

Presents a comprehensive, systematic assessment of available scientific evidence for effects on health, social welfare or disability. Full assessments include economic, social and ethical impact analyses. Assessment teams include professional practitioners and academics. Before publication the report is reviewed by external experts, and scientific conclusions approved by the SBU Board of Directors.

Conclusions

  • GnRH-agonist and gestagen treatment seem to have similar pain-relieving effect, but ­GnRH-agonists decrease bone density.
  • Postoperative treatment with gestagen and mono­phasic contraceptives seem to have similar pain relieving effect in women with chronic pelvic pain and dyspareunia. Hormonal intra­uterine contraceptive devices may reduce dysmenorrhea in comparison to no treatment.
  • Vaginal ultrasound has a clinical value in the diagnosis of endometrioma, and before operating for deep endometriosis. This applies to the identification of the spread of disease in women with well-established clinical suspicion of endometriosis. Vaginal ultrasound is inexpensive, easily accessible, has no contraindications and requires no preparation. Healthcare professionals conducting ultrasound examinations need to be experienced.
  • During fertility treatment, the ultralong pretreatment with GnRH-agonist has a higher chance of resulting in pregnancy for women with endometriosis, compared to the short pretreatment.
  • Women with endometriosis symptom experience that they are treated with ignorance about endometriosis in the non-specialised care. They experience delays in both their diagnosis and treatment, and feel that healthcare professionals do not take their problems seriously. In addition, it appears that increased expertise and improved attitudes among health care professionals could improve the life situation of women with endometriosis.
  • Despite the large number of identified studies, there is a general lack of scientific evidence for most treatments. Future research should be more standardized regarding the length of treatment, follow up and evaluating the outcome/pain. More research is needed in the important areas of diagnostics, and evaluation of surgical treatment effect.

Background

Endometriosis is a chronic disease where the uterine mucosa (endometrium) grows outside the uterus. Women with endometriosis may be without symptoms or they may experience pain of varying degree. The most common types of pain are dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia and chronic pelvic pain. Endometriosis can also reduce fertility. The disease can affect quality of life, reduce the woman’s ability to cope with work or study, and effect social relationships. It is estimated that around 10% of women of reproductive age have endometriosis. It takes five to seven years from the onset of symptoms until a diagnosis is set. There is currently no cure, but several treatments can relieve the symptoms.

Aim

The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the scientific evidence with regards to diagnostic performance of different imaging methods for the diagnosis of endometriosis and to assess the ability of different treatments to reduce pain or improve fertility. In addition, qualitative studies regarding women’s experiences with endometriosis health care were evaluated.

Method

Prospective peer-reviewed studies were included if they evaluated the ability of any imaging method to aid in the diagnosis of women presenting with clinical symptoms of endometriosis compared to surgical diagnosis, with or without the use of biopsies. Studies evaluating the effect of treatments should be prospective controlled studies that focus on women with diagnosed endometriosis. Due to advancements in both imaging technology and surgical techniques, studies addressing these questions needed to be published in 2000 or later. Qualitative methodology was used to assess women´s experience of endometriosis health care. Only studies with low or moderate risk of bias were included in the systematic review. The reliability of the scientific evidence was assessed using GRADE, or GRADE-CERQual for METASynthesis of qualitative data. The literature search was performed in November 2017.

Result

A total of 44 diagnostic studies, 181 treatment studies and 9 studies concerning women’s experiences of the endometriosis health care were included in this systematic review.

Scientific uncertainties

This systematic review demonstrates that the scientific evidence is insufficient to answer many clinically relevant questions regarding diagnosis and treatment of endometriosis.

The included studies were most often carried out at specialist clinics, with a selected population and specialized staff; therefore, the results may not be transferable to public health care or the general public. Importantly, we do not have evidence to guide the treatment of pain when hormone treatments are ineffective. These patients are currently being treated with strong, potentially addictive, analgesics.

This report identifies many scientific uncertainties. This is in part due to study heterogeneity, that is, the inconsistent definitions of endometriosis in diagnostic studies, variations in the length of treatment or follow-up, and inconsistent evaluation and reporting of outcomes (dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia and pelvic pain) that make it difficult to reliably assess the body of evidence. In addition, it is difficult to ethically or practically assess some methods or focus on certain populations, for instance, the evaluation of surgical interventions, or diagnostic methods where the reference method is surgery.

Contact SBU
Published: Report no: 277 Registration no: SBU 2017/87 ISBN: 978-91-88437-19-8 https://www.sbu.se/277e
To top

Project group

Experts

  • Carina Berterö, Professor, Linköping University
  • Greta Edelstam, Associate Professor, Senior Consultant, Danderyd Hospital
  • Jens Jørgen Kjer, Senior Consultant, Copenhagen
  • Anna-Sofia Melin, Consultant, Capio Globen Gynecology Clinic and Huddinge Youth Guidance
  • Annica Rhodin, Senior Consultant, Uppsala University Hospital
  • Lil Valentin, Professor, Senior Consultant, Lund University

SBU

  • Jenny Odeberg (Project Manager)
  • Agneta Brolund
  • Martin Eriksson
  • Sara Fundell
  • Susanne Gustafsson
  • Therese Kedebring
  • Naama Kenan Modén
  • Hanna Olofsson
  • Agneta Pettersson
  • Karin Rydin

Scientific reviewers

  • Mats Brännström
  • Axel Forman
  • Maria Nyström

References

  1. Johnson NP, Hummelshoj L, Adamson GD, Keckstein J, Taylor HS, Abrao MS, et al. World Endometriosis Society consensus on the classification of endometriosis. Hum Reprod 2017;32:315-24.
  2. Benagiano G, Brosens I. The history of endometriosis: identifying the disease. Hum Reprod 1991;6:963-8.
  3. Revised American Fertility Society classification of endometriosis: 1985. Fertil Steril 1985;43:351-2.
  4. Revised American Society for Reproductive Medicine classification of endometriosis: 1996. Fertil Steril 1997;67:817-21.
  5. Sampson JA. Metastatic or Embolic Endometriosis, due to the Menstrual Dissemination of Endometrial Tissue into the Venous Circulation. Am J Pathol 1927;3:93-110.
  6. Bulun SE. Endometriosis. N Engl J Med 2009;360:268-79.
  7. Husby GK, Haugen RS, Moen MH. Diagnostic delay in women with pain and endometriosis. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2003;82:649-53.
  8. Hadfield R, Mardon H, Barlow D, Kennedy S. Delay in the diagnosis of endometriosis: a survey of women from the USA and the UK. Hum Reprod 1996;11:878-80.
  9. DiVasta AD, Vitonis AF, Laufer MR, Missmer SA. Spectrum Of Symptoms In Women Diagnosed With Endometriosis During Adolescence Versus Adulthood. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2018;218:324.e1-11.
  10. Stanford EJ, Koziol J, Feng A. The prevalence of interstitial cystitis, endometriosis, adhesions, and vulvar pain in women with chronic pelvic pain. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2005;12:43-9.
  11. Parker MA, Sneddon AE, Arbon P. The menstrual disorder of teenagers (MDOT) study: determining typical menstrual patterns and menstrual disturbance in a large population-based study of Australian teenagers. Bjog 2010;117:185-92.
  12. Dawood MY. Primary dysmenorrhea: advances in pathogenesis and management. Obstet Gynecol 2006;108:428-41.
  13. Hummelshoj L, Prentice A, Groothuis P. Update on endometriosis. Womens Health (Lond) 2006;2:53-6.
  14. Olive DL, Pritts EA. Treatment of endometriosis. N Engl J Med 2001;345:266-75.
  15. Mahmood TA, Templeton A. Prevalence and genesis of endometriosis. Hum Reprod 1991;6:544-9.
  16. Gylfason JT, Kristjansson KA, Sverrisdottir G, Jonsdottir K, Rafnsson V, Geirsson RT. Pelvic endometriosis diagnosed in an entire nation over 20 years. Am J Epidemiol 2010;172:237-43.
  17. Saha R, Pettersson HJ, Svedberg P, Olovsson M, Bergqvist A, Marions L, et al. Heritability of endometriosis. Fertil Steril 2015;104:947-52.
  18. Kjer J, J., Kristensen J. Behandling af endometriose på danske hospitaler. UGESKR LÆGER 2008;170:143-5.
  19. Haney AF, Misukonis MA, Weinberg JB. Macrophages and infertility: oviductal macrophages as potential mediators of infertility. Fertil Steril 1983;39:310-5.
  20. Minebois H, De Souza A, Mezan de Malartic C, Agopiantz M, Guillet May F, Morel O, et al. [Endometriosis and miscarriage: Systematic review]. Gynecol Obstet Fertil Senol 2017;45:393-9.
  21. Zullo F, Spagnolo E, Saccone G, Acunzo M, Xodo S, Ceccaroni M, et al. Endometriosis and obstetrics complications: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Fertil Steril 2017;108:667-72.e5.
  22. Adamson GD, Pasta DJ. Endometriosis fertility index: the new, validated endometriosis staging system. Fertil Steril 2010;94:1609-15.
  23. Maheux-Lacroix S, Nesbitt-Hawes E, Deans R, Won H, Budden A, Adamson D, et al. Endometriosis fertility index predicts live births following surgical resection of moderate and severe endometriosis. Hum Reprod 2017;32:2243-9.
  24. Cox H, Henderson L, Wood R, Cagliarini G. Learning to take charge: women’s experiences of living with endometriosis. Complementary Therapies in Nursing & Midwifery 2003;9:62-8.
  25. Denny E. Women’s experience of endometriosis. Journal of Advanced Nursing 2004;46:641-8.
  26. Gilmour JA, Huntington A, Wilson HV. The impact of endometriosis on work and social participation. Int J Nurs Pract 2008;14:443-8.
  27. Jones G, Jenkinson C, Kennedy S. The impact of endometriosis upon quality of life: a qualitative analysis. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol 2004;25:123-33.
  28. Berkley KJ, Rapkin AJ, Papka RE. The pains of endometriosis. Science 2005;308:1587-9.
  29. Sinaii N, Cleary SD, Ballweg ML, Nieman LK, Stratton P. High rates of autoimmune and endocrine disorders, fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome and atopic diseases among women with endometriosis: a survey analysis. Hum Reprod 2002;17:2715-24.
  30. Jess T, Frisch M, Jorgensen KT, Pedersen BV, Nielsen NM. Increased risk of inflammatory bowel disease in women with endometriosis: a nationwide Danish cohort study. Gut 2012;61:1279-83.
  31. Gilmour JA, Huntington A, Wilson HV. The impact of endometriosis on work and social participation. Int J Nurs Pract 2008;14:443-8.
  32. Vercellini P, Fedele L, Aimi G, Pietropaolo G, Consonni D, Crosignani PG. Association between endometriosis stage, lesion type, patient characteristics and severity of pelvic pain symptoms: a multivariate analysis of over 1000 patients. Hum Reprod 2007;22:266-71.
  33. Szendei G, Hernadi Z, Devenyi N, Csapo Z. Is there any correlation between stages of endometriosis and severity of chronic pelvic pain? Possibilities of treatment. Gynecol Endocrinol 2005;21:93-100.
  34. Pope CJ, Sharma V, Sharma S, Mazmanian D. A Systematic Review of the Association Between Psychiatric Disturbances and Endometriosis. J Obstet Gynaecol Can 2015;37:1006-15.
  35. Lagana AS, La Rosa VL, Rapisarda AMC, Valenti G, Sapia F, Chiofalo B, et al. Anxiety and depression in patients with endometriosis: impact and management challenges. Int J Womens Health 2017;9:323-30.
  36. Kaye AD, Jones MR, Kaye AM, Ripoll JG, Galan V, Beakley BD, et al. Prescription Opioid Abuse in Chronic Pain: An Updated Review of Opioid Abuse Predictors and Strategies to Curb Opioid Abuse: Part 1. Pain Physician 2017;20:S93-s109.
  37. Manthey L, van Veen T, Giltay EJ, Stoop JE, Neven AK, Penninx BW, et al. Correlates of (inappropriate) benzodiazepine use: the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA). Br J Clin Pharmacol 2011;71:263-72.
  38. Melin A, Sparen P, Persson I, Bergqvist A. Endometriosis and the risk of cancer with special emphasis on ovarian cancer. Hum Reprod 2006;21:1237-42.
  39. Wykes CB, Clark TJ, Khan KS. Accuracy of laparoscopy in the diagnosis of endometriosis: a systematic quantitative review. Bjog 2004;111:1204-12.
  40. Marchino GL, Gennarelli G, Enria R, Bongioanni F, Lipari G, Massobrio M. Diagnosis of pelvic endometriosis with use of macroscopic versus histologic findings. Fertil Steril 2005;84:12-5.
  41. Albee RB, Jr., Sinervo K, Fisher DT. Laparoscopic excision of lesions suggestive of endometriosis or otherwise atypical in appearance: relationship between visual findings and final histologic diagnosis. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2008;15:32-7.
  42. Walter AJ, Hentz JG, Magtibay PM, Cornella JL, Magrina JF. Endometriosis: correlation between histologic and visual findings at laparoscopy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001;184:1407-11; discussion 1411-3.
  43. Nisolle M, Paindaveine B, Bourdon A, Berliere M, Casanas-Roux F, Donnez J. Histologic study of peritoneal endometriosis in infertile women. Fertil Steril 1990;53:984-8.
  44. Liu E, Nisenblat V, Farquhar C, Fraser I, Bossuyt PM, Johnson N, et al. Urinary biomarkers for the non-invasive diagnosis of endometriosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015:CD012019.
  45. Nisenblat V, Bossuyt PM, Farquhar C, Johnson N, Hull ML. Imaging modalities for the non-invasive diagnosis of endometriosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2016;2:CD009591.
  46. Nisenblat V, Prentice L, Bossuyt PM, Farquhar C, Hull ML, Johnson N. Combination of the non-invasive tests for the diagnosis of endometriosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2016;7:CD012281.
  47. Gambone JC, Mittman BS, Munro MG, Scialli AR, Winkel CA. Consensus statement for the management of chronic pelvic pain and endometriosis: proceedings of an expert-panel consensus process. Fertil Steril 2002;78:961-72.
  48. Farquhar C. Endometriosis. BMJ 2007;334:249-53.
  49. Garry R. The effectiveness of laparoscopic excision of endometriosis. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 2004;16:299-303.
  50. Valle RF. Endometriosis: current concepts and therapy. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2002;78:107-19.
  51. Giudice LC, Kao LC. Endometriosis. Lancet 2004;364:1789-99.
  52. Zheng Q, Mao H, Xu Y, Zhao J, Wei X, Liu P. Can postoperative GnRH agonist treatment prevent endometriosis recurrence? A metaanalysis. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2016;294:201-7.
  53. Hudelist G, Fritzer N, Thomas A, Niehues C, Oppelt P, Haas D, et al. Diagnostic delay for endometriosis in Austria and Germany: causes and possible consequences. Hum Reprod 2012;27:3412-6.
  54. Santos TM, Pereira AM, Lopes RG, Depes Dde B. Lag time between onset of symptoms and diagnosis of endometriosis. Einstein (Sao Paulo) 2012;10:39-43.
  55. Shoebotham A, Coulson NS. Therapeutic Affordances of Online Support Group Use in Women With Endometriosis. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2016;18:e109.
  56. Shah DK, Moravek MB, Vahratian A, Dalton VK, Lebovic DI. Public perceptions of endometriosis: perspectives from both genders. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2010;89:646-50.
  57. SBU. Utvärdering av metoder i hälsooch sjukvården - En handbok. Tillgänglig från www.sbu.se/metodbok. ISBN 978-91-85413-55-3 (tryck) ISBN 978-91-85413-56-0 (PDF).
  58. Revman. Tillgänglig från http://ims.cochrane.org/revman
  59. Paterson B-L, Thorne SE, Canam C, Jillings C. Meta-Study of Qualitative Health Research: A Practical Guide to Meta-Analysis and Meta-Synthesis (Methods in Nursing Research) 2001.
  60. Sandelowski M, Barroso J. Toward a metasynthesis of qualitative findings on motherhood in HIV-positive women. Res Nurs Health 2003;26:153-70.
  61. Sandelowski M, Barroso J. Creating metasummaries of qualitative findings. Nurs Res 2003;52:226-33.
  62. Guyatt G, Oxman A, Vist G, Kunz R, Falck-Ytter Y, Alonso-Coello P, et al. GRADE: an emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. BMJ 2008;336:924.
  63. Lewin S, Glenton C, Munthe-Kaas H, Carlsen B, Colvin CJ, Gulmezoglu M, et al. Using qualitative evidence in decision making for health and social interventions: an approach to assess confidence in findings from qualitative evidence syntheses (GRADE-CERQual). PLoS Med 2015;12:e1001895.
  64. Vincent K, Kennedy S, Stratton P. Pain scoring in endometriosis: entry criteria and outcome measures for clinical trials. Report from the Art and Science of Endometriosis meeting. Fertil Steril 2010;93:62-7.
  65. Farrar JT, Young JP, Jr., LaMoreaux L, Werth JL, Poole RM. Clinical importance of changes in chronic pain intensity measured on an 11-point numerical pain rating scale. Pain 2001;94:149-58.
  66. Milone M, Mollo A, Musella M, Maietta P, Sosa Fernandez LM, Shatalova O, et al. Role of colonoscopy in the diagnostic work-up of bowel endometriosis. World J Gastroenterol 2015;21:4997-5001.
  67. Stabile Ianora AA, Moschetta M, Lorusso F, Lattarulo S, Telegrafo M, Rella L, et al. Rectosigmoid endometriosis: comparison between CT water enema and video laparoscopy. Clin Radiol 2013;68:895-901.
  68. Thomeer MG, Steensma AB, van Santbrink EJ, Willemssen FE, Wielopolski PA, Hunink MG, et al. Can magnetic resonance imaging at 3.0-Tesla reliably detect patients with endometriosis? Initial results. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2014;40:1051-8.
  69. Takeuchi H, Kuwatsuru R, Kitade M, Sakurai A, Kikuchi I, Shimanuki H, et al. A novel technique using magnetic resonance imaging jelly for evaluation of rectovaginal endometriosis. Fertil Steril 2005;83:442-7.
  70. Biscaldi E, Ferrero S, Leone Roberti Maggiore U, Remorgida V, Venturini PL, Rollandi GA. Multidetector computerized tomography enema versus magnetic resonance enema in the diagnosis of rectosigmoid endometriosis. Eur J Radiol 2014;83:261-7.
  71. Chamie LP, Blasbalg R, Goncalves MO, Carvalho FM, Abrao MS, de Oliveira IS. Accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging for diagnosis and preoperative assessment of deeply infiltrating endometriosis. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2009;106:198-201.
  72. Biscaldi E, Ferrero S, Fulcheri E, Ragni N, Remorgida V, Rollandi GA. Multislice CT enteroclysis in the diagnosis of bowel endometriosis. Eur Radiol 2007;17:211-9.
  73. Dessole S, Farina M, Rubattu G, Cosmi E, Ambrosini G, Nardelli GB. Sonovaginography is a new technique for assessing rectovaginal endometriosis. Fertil Steril 2003;79:1023-7.
  74. Abrao MS, Goncalves MO, Dias JA, Jr., Podgaec S, Chamie LP, Blasbalg R. Comparison between clinical examination, transvaginal sonography and magnetic resonance imaging for the diagnosis of deep endometriosis. Hum Reprod 2007;22:3092-7.
  75. Bergamini V, Ghezzi F, Scarperi S, Raffaelli R, Cromi A, Franchi M. Preoperative assessment of intestinal endometriosis: A comparison of transvaginal sonography with water-contrast in the rectum, transrectal sonography, and barium enema. Abdom Imaging 2010;35:732-6.
  76. Ferrero S, Biscaldi E, Morotti M, Venturini PL, Remorgida V, Rollandi GA, et al. Multidetector computerized tomography enteroclysis vs. rectal water contrast transvaginal ultrasonography in determining the presence and extent of bowel endometriosis. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2011;37:603-13.
  77. Goncalves MO, Podgaec S, Dias JA, Jr., Gonzalez M, Abrao MS. Transvaginal ultrasonography with bowel preparation is able to predict the number of lesions and rectosigmoid layers affected in cases of deep endometriosis, defining surgical strategy. Hum Reprod 2010;25:665-71.
  78. Grasso RF, Di Giacomo V, Sedati P, Sizzi O, Florio G, Faiella E, et al. Diagnosis of deep infiltrating endometriosis: accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging and transvaginal 3D ultrasonography. Abdom Imaging 2010;35:716-25.
  79. Guerriero S, Ajossa S, Gerada M, Virgilio B, Angioni S, Melis GB. Diagnostic value of transvaginal ’tenderness-guided’ ultrasonography for the prediction of location of deep endometriosis. Hum Reprod 2008;23:2452-7.
  80. Guerriero S, Saba L, Ajossa S, Peddes C, Angiolucci M, Perniciano M, et al. Three-dimensional ultrasonography in the diagnosis of deep endometriosis. Hum Reprod 2014;29:1189-98.
  81. Holland TK, Yazbek J, Cutner A, Saridogan E, Hoo WL, Jurkovic D. Value of transvaginal ultrasound in assessing severity of pelvic endometriosis. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2010;36:241-8.
  82. Hudelist G, Fritzer N, Staettner S, Tammaa A, Tinelli A, Sparic R, et al. Uterine sliding sign: a simple sonographic predictor for presence of deep infiltrating endometriosis of the rectum. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2013;41:692-5.
  83. Leon M, Vaccaro H, Alcazar JL, Martinez J, Gutierrez J, Amor F, et al. Extended transvaginal sonography in deep infiltrating endometriosis: use of bowel preparation and an acoustic window with intravaginal gel: preliminary results. J Ultrasound Med 2014;33:315-21.
  84. Pascual MA, Guerriero S, Hereter L, Barri-Soldevila P, Ajossa S, Graupera B, et al. Diagnosis of endometriosis of the rectovaginal septum using introital three-dimensional ultrasonography. Fertil Steril 2010;94:2761-5.
  85. Pateman K, Holland TK, Knez J, Derdelis G, Cutner A, Saridogan E, et al. Should a detailed ultrasound examination of the complete urinary tract be routinely performed in women with suspected pelvic endometriosis? Hum reprod 2015;30:2802-7.
  86. Reid S, Lu C, Casikar I, Reid G, Abbott J, Cario G, et al. Prediction of pouch of Douglas obliteration in women with suspected endometriosis using a new real-time dynamic transvaginal ultrasound technique: the sliding sign. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2013;41:685-91.
  87. Reid S, Lu C, Condous G. Can we improve the prediction of pouch of Douglas obliteration in women with suspected endometriosis using ultrasound-based models? A multicenter prospective observational study. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2015;94:1297-306.
  88. Reid S, Lu C, Hardy N, Casikar I, Reid G, Cario G, et al. Office gel sonovaginography for the prediction of posterior deep infiltrating endometriosis: a multicenter prospective observational study. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2014;44:710-8.
  89. Ribeiro HS, Ribeiro PA, Rossini L, Rodrigues FC, Donadio N, Aoki T. Double-contrast barium enema and transrectal endoscopic ultrasonography in the diagnosis of intestinal deeply infiltrating endometriosis. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2008;15:315-20.
  90. Savelli L, Manuzzi L, Coe M, Mabrouk M, Di Donato N, Venturoli S, et al. Comparison of transvaginal sonography and double-contrast barium enema for diagnosing deep infiltrating endometriosis of the posterior compartment. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2011;38:466-71.
  91. Valenzano Menada M, Remorgida V, Abbamonte LH, Nicoletti A, Ragni N, Ferrero S. Does transvaginal ultrasonography combined with water-contrast in the rectum aid in the diagnosis of rectovaginal endometriosis infiltrating the bowel? Hum Reprod 2008;23:1069-75.
  92. Bazot M, Lafont C, Rouzier R, Roseau G, Thomassin-Naggara I, Darai E. Diagnostic accuracy of physical examination, transvaginal sonography, rectal endoscopic sonography, and magnetic resonance imaging to diagnose deep infiltrating endometriosis. Fertil Steril 2009;92:1825-33.
  93. Guerriero S, Ajossa S, Gerada M, D’Aquila M, Piras B, Melis GB. ”Tenderness-guided” transvaginal ultrasonography: a new method for the detection of deep endometriosis in patients with chronic pelvic pain. Fertil Steril 2007;88:1293-7.
  94. Hudelist G, Ballard K, English J, Wright J, Banerjee S, Mastoroudes H, et al. Transvaginal sonography vs. clinical examination in the preoperative diagnosis of deep infiltrating endometriosis. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2011;37:480-7.
  95. Piessens S, Healey M, Maher P, Tsaltas J, Rombauts L. Can anyone screen for deep infiltrating endometriosis with transvaginal ultrasound? Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 2014;54:462-8.
  96. Hottat N, Larrousse C, Anaf V, Noel JC, Matos C, Absil J, et al. Endometriosis: contribution of 3.0-T pelvic MR imaging in preoperative assessment--initial results. Radiology 2009;253:126-34.
  97. Leone Roberti Maggiore U, Biscaldi E, Vellone VG, Venturini PL, Ferrero S. Magnetic resonance enema vs rectal water-contrast transvaginal sonography in diagnosis of rectosigmoid endometriosis. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2017;49:524-32.
  98. Zannoni L, Del Forno S, Coppola F, Papadopoulos D, Valerio D, Golfieri R, et al. Comparison of transvaginal sonography and computed tomographycolonography with contrast media and urographic phase for diagnosing deep infiltrating endometriosis of the posterior compartment of the pelvis: a pilot study. Jpn J Radiol 2017;35:546.
  99. Ferrero S, Biscaldi E, Vellone VG, Venturini PL, Leone Roberti Maggiore U. Computed tomographic colonography vs rectal water- contrast transvaginal sonography in diagnosis of rectosigmoid endometriosis: a pilot study. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2017;49:515-23.
  100. Ros C, Martinez-Serrano MJ, Rius M, Abrao MS, Munros J, Martinez-Zamora MA, et al. Bowel Preparation Improves the Accuracy of Transvaginal Ultrasound in the Diagnosis of Rectosigmoid Deep Infiltrating Endometriosis: A Prospective Study. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2017;24:1145.
  101. Sayasneh A, Kaijser J, Preisler J, Smith AA, Raslan F, Johnson S, et al. Accuracy of ultrasonography performed by examiners with varied training and experience in predicting specific pathology of adnexal masses. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2015;45:605-12.
  102. Van Holsbeke C, Van Calster B, Guerriero S, Savelli L, Leone F, Fischerova D, et al. Imaging in gynaecology: How good are we in identifying endometriomas? Facts Views Vis Obgyn 2009;1:7-17.
  103. Bazot M, Cortez A, Darai E, Rouger J, Chopier J, Antoine JM, et al. Ultrasonography compared with magnetic resonance imaging for the diagnosis of adenomyosis: correlation with histopathology. Hum Reprod 2001;16:2427-33.
  104. Dueholm M, Lundorf E, Hansen ES, Sorensen JS, Ledertoug S, Olesen F. Magnetic resonance imaging and transvaginal ultrasonography for the diagnosis of adenomyosis. Fertil Steril 2001;76:588-94.
  105. Kepkep K, Tuncay YA, Goynumer G, Tutal E. Transvaginal sonography in the diagnosis of adenomyosis: which findings are most accurate? Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2007;30:341-5.
  106. Exacoustos C, Brienza L, Di Giovanni A, Szabolcs B, Romanini ME, Zupi E, et al. Adenomyosis: three-dimensional sonographic findings of the junctional zone and correlation with histology. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2011;37: 471-9.
  107. Stamatopoulos CP, Mikos T, Grimbizis GF, Dimitriadis AS, Efstratiou I, Stamatopoulos P, et al. Value of magnetic resonance imaging in diagnosis of adenomyosis and myomas of the uterus. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2012;19:620-6.
  108. Luciano DE, Exacoustos C, Albrecht L, LaMonica R, Proffer A, Zupi E, et al. Three-dimensional ultrasound in diagnosis of adenomyosis: histologic correlation with ultrasound targeted biopsies of the uterus. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2013;20:803-10.
  109. Takwoingi Y, Guo B, Riley RD, Deeks JJ. Performance of methods for meta-analysis of diagnostic test accuracy with few studies or sparse data. Stat Methods Med Res 2017;26:1896-1911.
  110. Adamson GD, Kwei L, Edgren RA. Pain of endometriosis: effects of nafarelin and danazol therapy. Int J Fertil Menopausal Stud 1994;39:215-7.
  111. Agarwal SK, Hamrang C, Henzl MR, Judd HL. Nafarelin vs. Leuprolide acetate depot for endometriosis: Changes in bone mineral density and vasomotor symptoms. J Reprod Med 1997;42:413-23.
  112. Agarwal SK. Impact of six months of GnRH agonist therapy for endometriosis. Is there an age-related effect on bone mineral density? J Reprod Med 2002;47:530-4.
  113. Alkatout I, Mettler L, Beteta C, Hedderich J, Jonat W, Schollmeyer T, et al. Combined surgical and hormone therapy for endometriosis is the most effective treatment: prospective, randomized, controlled trial. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2013;20:473-81.
  114. Angioni S, Pontis A, Dessole M, Surico D, De Cicco Nardone C, Melis I. Pain control and quality of life after laparoscopic en-block resection of deep infiltrating endometriosis (DIE) vs. incomplete surgical treatment with or without GnRHa administration after surgery. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2014;291:363-70.
  115. Audebert A, Descamps P, Marret H, Ory-Lavollee L, Bailleul F, Hamamah S. Pre or post-operative medical treatment with nafarelin in stage III-IV endometriosis: a French multicenter study. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1998;79:145-8.
  116. Badawy AM, Elnashar AM, Mosbah AA. Aromatase inhibitors or gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists for the management of uterine adenomyosis: a randomized controlled trial. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2012; 91:489-95.
  117. Bayoglu Tekin Y, Dilbaz B, Altinbas SK, Dilbaz S. Postoperative medical treatment of chronic pelvic pain related to severe endometriosis: levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system versus gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogue. Fertil Steril 2011;95:492-6.
  118. Bergqvist A. A comparative study of the acceptability and effect of goserelin and nafarelin on endometriosis. Gynecol Endocrinol 2001;14:425-32.
  119. Bergqvist A, Bergh T, Hogstrom L, Mattsson S, Nordenskjold F, Rasmussen C. Effects of triptorelin versus placebo on the symptoms of endometriosis. Fertil Steril 1998;69:702-8.
  120. Bergqvist A, Jacobson J, Harris S. A double-blind randomized study of the treatment of endometriosis with nafarelin or nafarelin plus norethisterone. Gynecol Endocrinol 1997;11:187-94.
  121. Busacca M, Somigliana E, Bianchi S, De Marinis S, Calia C, Candiani M, et al. Post-operative GnRH analogue treatment after conservative surgery for symptomatic endometriosis stage III-IV: a randomized controlled trial. Hum Reprod 2001;16:2399-402.
  122. Cheewadhanaraks S, Choksuchat C, Dhanaworavibul K, Liabsuetrakul T. Postoperative depot medroxyprogesterone acetate versus continuous oral contraceptive pills in the treatment of endometriosis-associated pain: a randomized comparative trial. Gynecol Obstet Invest 2012;74:151-6.
  123. Chen Y-J, Hsu T-F, Huang B-S, Tsai H-W, Chang Y-H, Wang P-H. Postoperative maintenance levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system and endometrioma recurrence: a randomized controlled study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2017;216:582.e1-582.e9.
  124. Cheung TH, Lo KW, Yim SF, Lam C, Lau E, Haines C. Dose effects of progesterone in add-back therapy during GnRHa treatment. J Reprod Med 2005;50:35-40.
  125. Cheung TK, Lo KW, Lam CW, Lau W, Lam PK. A crossover study of triptorelin and leuprorelin acetate. Fertil Steril 2000;74:299-305.
  126. Cosson M, Querleu D, Donnez J, Madelenat P, Konincks P, Audebert A, et al. Dienogest is as effective as triptorelin in the treatment of endometriosis after laparoscopic surgery: results of a prospective, multicenter, randomized study. Fertil Steril 2002;77:684-92.
  127. Crosignani PG, Luciano A, Ray A, Bergqvist A. Subcutaneous depot medroxyprogesterone acetate versus leuprolide acetate in the treatment of endometriosis-associated pain. Hum Reprod 2005;21:248-56.
  128. Dawood MY, Obasiolu CW, Ramos J, Khan-Dawood FS. Clinical, endocrine, and metabolic effects of two doses of gestrinone in treatment of pelvic endometriosis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1997;176:387-94.
  129. Dlugi AM, Miller JD, Knittle J. Lupron depot (leuprolide acetate for depot suspension) in the treatment of endometriosis: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Lupron Study Group. Fertil Steril 1990;54:419-27.
  130. Donnez J, Dewart PJ, Hedon B, Perino A, Schindler AE, Blumberg J, et al. Equivalence of the 3-month and 28-day formulations of triptorelin with regard to achievement and maintenance of medical castration in women with endometriosis. Fertil Steril 2004;81:297-304.
  131. Donnez J, Nisolle M, Gillerot S, Anaf V, Clerckx-Braun F, Casanas-Roux F. Ovarian endometrial cysts: the role of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist and/or drainage. Fertil Steril 1994;62:63-6.
  132. Fedele L, Bianchi S, Raffaelli R, Zanconato G. Comparison of transdermal estradiol and tibolone for the treatment of oophorectomized women with deep residual endometriosis. Maturitas 1999;32:189-93.
  133. Fernandez H, Lucas C, Hedon B, Meyer JL, Mayenga JM, Roux C. One year comparison between two add-back therapies in patients treated with a GnRH agonist for symptomatic endometriosis: a randomized double-blind trial. Hum Reprod 2004;19:1465-71.
  134. Ferreira RA, Vieira CS, Rosa ESJC, Rosa-e-Silva AC, Nogueira AA, Ferriani RA. Effects of the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system on cardiovascular risk markers in patients with endometriosis: a comparative study with the GnRH analogue. Contraception 2010;81:117-22.
  135. Finkelstein JS, Klibanski A, Schaefer EH, Hornstein MD, Schiff I, Neer RM. Parathyroid hormone for the prevention of bone loss induced by estrogen deficiency. N Engl J Med 1994;331:1618-23.
  136. Finkelstein JS, Arnold AL. Increases in bone mineral density after discontinuation of daily human parathyroid hormone and gonadotropin-releasing hormone analog administration in women with endometriosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999;84:1214-9.
  137. Finkelstein JS, Klibanski A, Arnold AL, Toth TL, Hornstein MD, Neer RM. Prevention of estrogen deficiencyrelated bone loss with human parathyroid hormone-(1-34): a randomized controlled trial. Jama 1998;280: 1067-73.
  138. Franke HR, van de Weijer PH, Pennings TM, van der Mooren MJ. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist plus ”add-back” hormone replacement therapy for treatment of endometriosis: a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial. Fertil Steril 2000;74:534-9.
  139. Gomes MKO, Ferriani RA, Rosa e Silva JC, Japur de Sá Rosa e Silva AC, Vieira CS, Cândido dos Reis FJ. The levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system and endometriosis staging. Fertil and Steril 2007;87:1231-4.
  140. Gong L, Zhang S, Han Y, Long Q, Zou S, Cao Y. Initiation of GnRH agonist treatment on 3-5 days postoperatively in endometriosis patients: a randomized controlled trial. J Clin Pharmacol 2015;55:848-53.
  141. Granese R, Perino A, Calagna G, Saitta S, De Franciscis P, Colacurci N, et al. Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone analogue or dienogest plus estradiol valerate to prevent pain recurrence after laparoscopic surgery for endometriosis: a multi-center randomized trial. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2015;94:637-45.
  142. Guzick DS, Huang LS, Broadman BA, Nealon M, Hornstein MD. Randomized trial of leuprolide versus continuous oral contraceptives in the treatment of endometriosis-associated pelvic pain. Fertil Steril 2011;95:1568-73.
  143. Hamid AM, Madkour WA, Moawad A, Elzaher MA, Roberts MP. Does cabergoline help in decreasing endometrioma size compared to LHRH agonist? A prospective randomized study. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2014;290:677-82.
  144. Han Y, Zou SE, Long QQ, Zhang SF. The incidence and characteristics of uterine bleeding during postoperative GnRH agonist treatment combined with estrogen-progestogen add-back therapy in endometriosis patients of reproductive age. Int J Clin Exp Med 2013;6:583-8.
  145. Harada T, Momoeda M, Taketani Y, Aso T, Fukunaga M, Hagino H, et al. Dienogest is as effective as intranasal buserelin acetate for the relief of pain symptoms associated with endometriosis–a randomized, double-blind, multicenter, controlled trial. Fertil Steril 2009;91:675-81.
  146. Harada T, Momoeda M, Taketani Y, Hoshiai H, Terakawa N. Low-dose oral contraceptive pill for dysmenorrhea associated with endometriosis: a placebocontrolled, double-blind, randomized trial. Fertil Steril 2008;90:1583-8.
  147. Harrison RF, Barry-Kinsella C. Efficacy of medroxyprogesterone treatment in infertile women with endometriosis: a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Fertil Steril 2000;74:24-30.
  148. Henzl MR, Corson SL, Moghissi K, Buttram VC, Berqvist C, Jacobson J. Administration of nasal nafarelin as compared with oral danazol for endometriosis. A multicenter double-blind comparative clinical trial. N Engl J Med 1988;318:485-9.
  149. Hornstein MD, Gleason RE, Barbieri RL. A randomized double-blind prospective trial of two doses of gestrinone in the treatment of endometriosis. Fertil Steril 1990;53:237-41.
  150. Hornstein MD, Hemmings R, Yuzpe AA, Heinrichs WL. Use of nafarelin versus placebo after reductive laparoscopic surgery for endometriosis. Fertil Steril 1997;68:860-4.
  151. Hornstein MD, Surrey ES, Weisberg GW, Casino LA. Leuprolide acetate depot and hormonal add-back in endometriosis: a 12-month study. Lupron Add-Back Study Group. Obstet Gynecol 1998;91:16-24.
  152. Hornstein MD, Yuzpe AA, Burry KA, Heinrichs LR, Buttram VL, Jr., OrwollES. Prospective randomized double-blind trial of 3 versus 6 months of nafarelin therapy for endometriosis associated pelvic pain. Fertil Steril 1995;63:955-62.
  153. Hurst BS, Gardner SC, Tucker KE, Awoniyi CA, Schlaff WD. Delayed oral estradiol combined with leuprolide increases endometriosis-related pain. Jsls 2000;4:97-101.
  154. Kiesel L, Schweppe KW, Sillem M, Siebzehnrubl E. Should add-back therapy for endometriosis be deferred for optimal results? Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1996;103:15-7.
  155. Kiilholma P, Tuimala R, Kivinen S, Korhonen M, Hagman E. Comparison of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist goserelin acetate alone versus goserelin combined with estrogenprogestogen add-back therapy in the treatment of endometriosis. Fertil Steril 1995;64:903-8.
  156. Kitawaki J, Ishihara H, Kiyomizu M, Honjo H. Maintenance therapy involving a tapering dose of danazol or mid/low doses of oral contraceptive after gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist treatment for endometriosisassociated pelvic pain. Fertil Steril 2008;89:1831-5.
  157. Kohler G, Faustmann TA, Gerlinger C, Seitz C, Mueck AO. A dose-ranging study to determine the efficacy and safety of 1, 2, and 4mg of dienogest daily for endometriosis. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2009;108:21-5.
  158. Li Z, Zhang HY, Zhu YJ, Hu YJ, Qu PP. A randomized study comparing the side effects and hormonal status of triptorelin and leuprorelin following conservative laparoscopic surgery for ovarian endometriosis in Chinese women. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2014;183:164-8.
  159. Loverro G, Carriero C, Rossi AC, Putignano G, Nicolardi V, Selvaggi L. A randomized study comparing triptorelin or expectant management following conservative laparoscopic surgery for symptomatic stage III-IV endometriosis. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2008;136:194-8.
  160. Makarainen L, Ronnberg L, Kauppila A. Medroxyprogesterone acetate supplementation diminishes the hypoestrogenic side effects of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist without changing its efficacy in endometriosis. Fertil Steril 1996;65:29-34.
  161. Matorras R, Elorriaga MA, Pijoan JI, Ramon O, Rodriguez-Escudero FJ. Recurrence of endometriosis in women with bilateral adnexectomy (with or without total hysterectomy) who received hormone replacement therapy. Fertil Steril 2002;77:303-8.
  162. Mendez da Silva D, Gross L, de Paula Guedes Neto E, Lessey B, Savaris R. The Use of Resveratrol as an Adjuvant Treatment of Pain in Endometriosis: A Randomized Clinical Trial. J Endocr Soc 2017;1:359-69.
  163. Miller JD. Quantification of endometriosis-associated pain and quality of life during the stimulatory phase of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist therapy: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000;182:1483-8.
  164. Muzii L, Maneschi F, Marana R, Porpora MG, Zupi E, Bellati F, et al. Oral estroprogestins after laparoscopic surgery to excise endometriomas: continuous or cyclic administration? Results of a multicenter randomized study. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2011;18:173-8.
  165. Muzii L, Marana R, Caruana P, Catalano GF, Margutti F, Panici PB. Postoperative administration of monophasic combined oral contraceptives after laparoscopic treatment of ovarian endometriomas: a prospective, randomized trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000;183:588-92.
  166. Orwoll ES, Yuzpe AA, Burry KA, Heinrichs L, Buttram VC, Jr., Hornstein MD. Nafarelin therapy in endometriosis: long-term effects on bone mineral density. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1994;171:1221-5.
  167. Osuga Y, Fujimoto-Okabe H, Hagino A. Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of dienogest in the treatment of painful symptoms in patients with adenomyosis: a randomized, double-blind, multicenter, placebo-controlled study. Fertil and Steril 2017;108:673-8.
  168. Parazzini F, Di Cintio E, Chatenoud L, Moroni S, Ardovino I, Struzziero E, et al. Estroprogestin vs. gonadotrophin agonists plus estroprogestin in the treatment of endometriosis-related pelvic pain: a randomized trial. Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio dell’Endometriosi. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2000;88:11-4.
  169. Parazzini F, Fedele L, Busacca M, Falsetti L, Pellegrini S, Venturini PL, et al. Postsurgical medical treatment of advanced endometriosis: results of a randomized clinical trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1994;171:1205-7.
  170. Petta CA, Ferriani RA, Abrao MS, Hassan D, Rosa ESJC, Podgaec S, et al. Randomized clinical trial of a levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system and a depot GnRH analogue for the treatment of chronic pelvic pain in women with endometriosis. Hum Reprod 2005;20:1993-8.
  171. Regidor PA, Regidor M, Schmidt M, Ruwe B, Lubben G, Fortig P, et al. Prospective randomized study comparing the GnRH-agonist leuprorelin acetate and the gestagen lynestrenol in the treatment of severe endometriosis. Gynecol Endocrinol 2001;15:202-9.
  172. Roux C, Pelissier C, Listrat V, Kolta S, Simonetta C, Guignard M, et al. Bone loss during gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist treatment and use of nasal calcitonin. Osteoporos Int 1995;5:185-90.
  173. Schlaff WD, Carson SA, Luciano A, Ross D, Bergqvist A. Subcutaneous injection of depot medroxyprogesterone acetate compared with leuprolide acetate in the treatment of endometriosis-associated pain. Fertil Steril 2006;85:314-25.
  174. Seracchioli R, Mabrouk M, Frasca C, Manuzzi L, Montanari G, Keramyda A, et al. Long-term cyclic and continuous oral contraceptive therapy and endometrioma recurrence: a randomized controlled trial. Fertil Steril 2010;93:52-6.
  175. Seracchioli R, Mabrouk M, Frasca C, Manuzzi L, Savelli L, Venturoli S. Long-term oral contraceptive pills and postoperative pain management after laparoscopic excision of ovarian endometrioma: a randomized controlled trial. Fertil Steril 2010;94:464-71.
  176. Gestrinone versus a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist for the treatment of pelvic pain associated with endometriosis: a multicenter, randomized, doubleblind study. Gestrinone Italian Study Group. Fertil Steril 1996;66:911-9.
  177. Sesti F, Capozzolo T, Pietropolli A, Marziali M, Bollea MR, Piccione E. Recurrence rate of endometrioma after laparoscopic cystectomy: a comparative randomized trial between post-operative hormonal suppression treatment or dietary therapy vs. placebo. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2009;147:72-7.
  178. Sesti F, Pietropolli A, Capozzolo T, Broccoli P, Pierangeli S, Bollea MR, et al. Hormonal suppression treatment or dietary therapy versus placebo in the control of painful symptoms after conservative surgery for endometriosis stage III-IV. A randomized comparative trial. Fertil Steril 2007;88:1541-7.
  179. Shaaban OM, Ali MK, Sabra AMA, Abd El Aal DEM. Levonorgestrelreleasing intrauterine system versus a low-dose combined oral contraceptive for treatment of adenomyotic uteri: A randomized clinical trial. Contraception 2015;92:301-7.
  180. Sillem M, Parviz M, Woitge HW, Kiesel L, Ulrich U, von Holst T, et al. Add-back medrogestone does not prevent bone loss in premenopausal women treated with goserelin. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 1999;107:379-85.
  181. Soysal S, Soysal ME, Ozer S, Gul N, Gezgin T. The effects of post-surgical administration of goserelin plus anastrozole compared to goserelin alone in patients with severe endometriosis: a prospective randomized trial. Hum Reprod 2004;19:160-7.
  182. Stratton P, Sinaii N, Segars J, Koziol D, Wesley R, Zimmer C, et al. Return of chronic pelvic pain from endometriosis after raloxifene treatment: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol 2008;111:88-96.
  183. Strowitzki T, Faustmann T, Gerlinger C, Seitz C. Dienogest in the treatment of endometriosis-associated pelvic pain: a 12-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2010;151:193-8.
  184. Strowitzki T, Marr J, Gerlinger C, Faustmann T, Seitz C. Dienogest is as effective as leuprolide acetate in treating the painful symptoms of endometriosis: a 24-week, randomized, multicentre, open-label trial. Hum Reprod 2010;25:633-41.
  185. Strowitzki T, Marr J, Gerlinger C, Faustmann T, Seitz C. Detailed analysis of a randomized, multicenter, comparative trial of dienogest versus leuprolide acetate in endometriosis. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2012;117:228-33.
  186. Surrey ES, Hornstein MD. Prolonged GnRH agonist and add-back therapy for symptomatic endometriosis: longterm follow-up. Obstet Gynecol 2002;99:709-19.
  187. Surrey ES, Judd HL. Reduction of vasomotor symptoms and bone mineral density loss with combined norethindrone and long-acting gonadotropinreleasing hormone agonist therapy of symptomatic endometriosis: a prospective randomized trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1992;75:558-63.
  188. Tahara M, Matsuoka T, Yokoi T, Tasaka K, Kurachi H, Murata Y. Treatment of endometriosis with a decreasing dosage of a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (nafarelin): a pilot study with low-dose agonist therapy (”draw-back” therapy). Fertil Steril 2000;73:799-804.
  189. Taylor HS, Giudice LC, Lessey BA, Abrao MS, Kotarski J, Archer DF, et al. Treatment of Endometriosis Associated Pain with Elagolix, an Oral GnRH Antagonist. N Engl J Med 2017;377:28-40.
  190. Tanmahasamut P, Saejong R, Rattanachaiyanont M, Angsuwathana S, Techatraisak K, Sanga-Areekul N. Postoperative desogestrel for pelvic endometriosis-related pain: a randomized controlled trial. Gynecol Endocrinol 2017;33:534-9.
  191. Tanmahasamut P, Rattanachaiyanont M, Angsuwathana S, Techatraisak K, Indhavivadhana S, Leerasiri P. Postoperative levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system for pelvic endometriosis-related pain: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol 2012;119:519-26.
  192. Teixeira MZ, Podgaec S, Baracat EC. Potentized estrogen in homeopathic treatment of endometriosis-associated pelvic pain: A 24-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. European Journal of Obstetrics Gynecology and Reproductive Biology 2017;211:48-55.
  193. Telimaa S, Puolakka J, Ronnberg L, Kauppila A. Placebo-controlled comparison of danazol and high-dose medroxyprogesterone acetate in the treatment of endometriosis. Gynecol Endocrinol 1987;1:13-23.
  194. Thomas EJ, Cooke ID. Successful treatment of asymptomatic endometriosis: does it benefit infertile women? Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1987;294:1117-9.
  195. Walch K, Unfried G, Huber J, Kurz C, van Trotsenburg M, Pernicka E, et al. Implanon versus medroxyprogesterone acetate: effects on pain scores in patients with symptomatic endometriosis–a pilot study. Contraception 2008;79:29-34.
  196. Vercellini P, Crosignani PG, Fadini R, Radici E, Belloni C, Sismondi P. A gonadotrophin-releasing hormone agonist compared with expectant management after conservative surgery for symptomatic endometriosis. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1999;106:672-7.
  197. Vercellini P, De Giorgi O, Mosconi P, Stellato G, Vicentini S, Crosignani PG. Cyproterone acetate versus a continuous monophasic oral contraceptive in the treatment of recurrent pelvic pain after conservative surgery for symptomatic endometriosis. Fertil Steril 2002;77:52-61.
  198. Vercellini P, Frontino G, De Giorgi O, Aimi G, Zaina B, Crosignani PG. Comparison of a levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine device versus expectant management after conservative surgery for symptomatic endometriosis: a pilot study. Fertil Steril 2003;80:305-9.
  199. Vercellini P, Pietropaolo G, De Giorgi O, Pasin R, Chiodini A, Crosignani PG. Treatment of symptomatic rectovaginal endometriosis with an estrogenprogestogen combination versus low-dose norethindrone acetate. Fertil Steril 2005;84:1375-87.
  200. Wong AY, Tang LC, Chin RK. Levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (Mirena) and Depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (Depoprovera) as longterm maintenance therapy for patients with moderate and severe endometriosis: a randomised controlled trial. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 2010;50:273-9.
  201. Zhao SZ, Kellerman LA, Francisco CA, Wong JM. Impact of nafarelin and leuprolide for endometriosis on quality of life and subjective clinical measures. J Reprod Med 1999;44:1000-6.
  202. Zupi E, Marconi D, Sbracia M, Zullo F, De Vivo B, Exacustos C, et al. Add-back therapy in the treatment of endometriosis-associated pain. Fertil Steril 2004; 82:1303-8.
  203. Zhu S, Liu D, Huang W, Wang Q, Wang Q, Zhou L, et al. Post-laparoscopic oral contraceptive combined with Chinese herbal mixture in treatment of infertility and pain associated with minimal or mild endometriosis: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Complement Altern Med 2014;14:222.
  204. Cheewadhanaraks S, Choksuchat C, Wattanakumtornkul S. Estrogen plus progestin versus estrogen after definitive surgery for endometriosis: a study of pain recurrence. J Med Assoc Thai 2013;96:881-7.
  205. Fawzy M, Mesbah Y. Comparison of dienogest versus triptorelin acetate in premenopausal women with adenomyosis: a prospective clinical trial. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2015;292:1267-71.
  206. Bulletti C, Flamigni C, Polli V, Giacomucci E, Albonetti A, Negrini V, et al. The efficacy of drugs in the management of endometriosis. J Am Assoc Gynecol Laparosc 1996;3:495-501.
  207. Lee DY, Lee JY, Seo JW, Yoon BK, Choi D. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist with add-back treatment is as effective and tolerable as dienogest in preventing pain recurrence after laparoscopic surgery for endometriosis. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2016;294:1257-63.
  208. Takenaka M, Yano R, Hiraku Y, Shibata M, Hatano K, Yamamoto S, et al. Exploratory study of pre-surgical medications with dienogest or leuprorelin in laparoscopic cystectomy of endometrial cysts. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2015;41:1234-9.
  209. Zheng J, Xia E, Li TC, Sun X. Comparison of combined transcervical resection of the endometrium and levonorgestrelcontaining intrauterine system treatment versus levonorgestrel-containing intrauterine system treatment alone in women with adenomyosis: a prospective clinical trial. J Reprod Med 2013;58:285-90.
  210. Alborzi S, Hamedi B, Omidvar A, Dehbashi S, Alborzi S, Alborzi M. A comparison of the effect of shortterm aromatase inhibitor (letrozole) and GnRH agonist (triptorelin) versus case control on pregnancy rate and symptom and sign recurrence after laparoscopic treatment of endometriosis. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2011;284:105-10.
  211. Carbonell JL, Riverón AM, Leonard Y, González J, Heredia B, Sánchez C. Mifepristone 2.5, 5, 10 mg versus placebo in the treatment of endometriosis. J Reprod Health Med 2016;2:17-25.
  212. Abbott J, Hawe J, Hunter D, Holmes M, Finn P, Garry R. Laparoscopic excision of endometriosis: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Fertil Steril 2004;82:878-84.
  213. Alborzi S, Momtahan M, Parsanezhad ME, Dehbashi S, Zolghadri J, Alborzi S. A prospective, randomized study comparing laparoscopic ovarian cystectomy versus fenestration and coagulation in patients with endometriomas. Fertil Steril 2004;82:1633-7.
  214. Benassi L, Benassi G, Kaihura CT, Marconi L, Ricci L, Vadora E. Chemically assisted dissection of tissues in laparoscopic excision of endometriotic cysts. J Am Assoc Gynecol Laparosc 2003;10:205-9.
  215. Carmona F, Martinez-Zamora MA, Rabanal A, Martinez-Roman S, Balasch J. Ovarian cystectomy versus laser vaporization in the treatment of ovarian endometriomas: a randomized clinical trial with a five-year follow-up. Fertil Steril 2011;96:251-4.
  216. Ceccaroni M, Clarizia R, Bruni F, D’Urso E, Gagliardi ML, Roviglione G, et al. Nerve-sparing laparoscopic eradication of deep endometriosis with segmental rectal and parametrial resection: The negrar method. A single-center, prospective, clinical trial. Surg Endosc 2012;26:2029-45.
  217. Daniels J, Gray R, Hills RK, Latthe P, Buckley L, Gupta J, et al. Laparoscopic uterosacral nerve ablation for alleviating chronic pelvic pain: a randomized controlled trial. Jama 2009;302:955-61.
  218. Darai E, Dubernard G, Coutant C, Frey C, Rouzier R, Ballester M. Randomized trial of laparoscopically assisted versus open colorectal resection for endometriosis: morbidity, symptoms, quality of life, and fertility. Ann Surg 2010;251:1018-23.
  219. Ferrero S, Venturini PL, Gillott DJ, Remorgida V, Leone Roberti Maggiore U. Hemostasis by bipolar coagulation versus suture after surgical stripping of bilateral ovarian endometriomas: a randomized controlled trial. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2012;19:722-30.
  220. Healey M, Ang WC, Cheng C. Surgical treatment of endometriosis: a prospective randomized double-blinded trial comparing excision and ablation. Fertil Steril 2010;94:2536-40.
  221. Healey M, Cheng C, Kaur H. To excise or ablate endometriosis? A prospective randomized double-blinded trial after 5-year follow-up. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2014;21:999-1004.
  222. Hoo WL, Stavroulis A, Pateman K, Saridogan E, Cutner A, Pandis G, et al. Does ovarian suspension following laparoscopic surgery for endometriosis reduce postoperative adhesions? An RCT. Hum Reprod 2014;29:670-6.
  223. Johnson NP, Farquhar CM, Crossley S, Yu Y, Van Peperstraten AM, Sprecher M, et al. A double-blind randomised controlled trial of laparoscopic uterine nerve ablation for women with chronic pelvic pain. Bjog 2004;111:950-9.
  224. Landi S, Ceccaroni M, Perutelli A, Allodi C, Barbieri F, Fiaccavento A, et al. Laparoscopic nerve-sparing complete excision of deep endometriosis: Is it feasible? Hum reprod 2006;21:774-81.
  225. Mossa B, Ebano V, Tucci S, Rega C, Dolce E, Frega A, et al. Laparoscopic surgery for the management of ovarian endometriomas. Med Sci Monit 2010;16:Mt45-50.
  226. Seracchioli R, Di Donato N, Bertoldo V, La Marca A, Vicenzi C, Zannoni L, et al. The role of ovarian suspension in endometriosis surgery: a randomized controlled trial. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2014;21:1029-35.
  227. Sutton C, Pooley AS, Jones KD, Dover RW, Haines P. A prospective, randomized, double-blind controlled trial of laparoscopic uterine nerve ablation in the treatment of pelvic pain associated with endometriosis. Gynaecol Endosc Gynaecol Endosc2001;10:217-222.
  228. Var T, Batioglu S, Tonguc E, Kahyaoglu I. The effect of laparoscopic ovarian cystectomy versus coagulation in bilateral endometriomas on ovarian reserve as determined by antral follicle count and ovarian volume: a prospective randomized study. Fertil Steril 2011;95:2247-50.
  229. Wright J, Lotfallah H, Jones K, Lovell D. A randomized trial of excision versus ablation for mild endometriosis. Fertil Steril 2005;83:1830-6.
  230. Zullo F, Palomba S, Zupi E, Russo T, Morelli M, Cappiello F, et al. Effectiveness of presacral neurectomy in women with severe dysmenorrhea caused by endometriosis who were treated with laparoscopic conservative surgery: a 1-year prospective randomized double-blind controlled trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003;189:5-10.
  231. Zullo F, Palomba S, Zupi E, Russo T, Morelli M, Sena T, et al. Long-term effectiveness of presacral neurectomy for the treatment of severe dysmenorrhea due to endometriosis. J Am Assoc Gynecol Laparosc 2004;11:23-8.
  232. Touboul C, Ballester M, Dubernard G, Zilberman S, Thomin A, Darai E. Long-term symptoms, quality of life, and fertility after colorectal resection for endometriosis: extended analysis of a randomized controlled trial comparing laparoscopically assisted to open surgery. Surg Endosc 2014;29:1879-87.
  233. Qiong-Zhen R, Ge Y, Deng Y, Qian ZH, Zhu WP. Effect of vasopressin injection technique in laparoscopic excision of bilateral ovarian endometriomas on ovarian reserve: prospective randomized study. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2013;21:266-71.
  234. Meuleman C, Tomassetti C, Wolthuis A, Van Cleynenbreugel B, Laenen A, Penninckx F, et al. Clinical outcome after radical excision of moderatesevere endometriosis with or without bowel resection and reanastomosis: a prospective cohort study. Ann Surg 2014;259:522-31.
  235. Pados G, Tsolakidis D, Assimakopoulos E, Athanatos D, Tarlatzis B. Sonographic changes after laparoscopic cystectomy compared with three-stage management in patients with ovarian endometriomas: a prospective randomized study. Hum Reprod 2009;25:672-7.
  236. Vercellini P, Aimi G, Busacca M, Apolone G, Uglietti A, Crosignani PG. Laparoscopic uterosacral ligament resection for dysmenorrhea associated with endometriosis: results of a randomized, controlled trial. Fertil Steril 2003;80:310-9.
  237. Seracchioli R, Poggioli G, Pierangeli F, Manuzzi L, Gualerzi B, Savelli L, et al. Surgical outcome and long-term follow up after laparoscopic rectosigmoid resection in women with deep infiltrating endometriosis. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology 2007;114:889-895.
  238. Bianchi PHM, Pereira RMA, Zanatta A, Alegretti JR, Motta ELA, Serafini PC. Extensive Excision of Deep Infiltrative Endometriosis before In Vitro Fertilization Significantly Improves Pregnancy Rates. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2009;16:174-80.
  239. Che X, Huang X, Zhang J, Xu H, Zhang X. Is nerve-sparing surgery suitable for deeply infiltrating endometriosis? Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2014;175:87-91.
  240. Fanfani F, Fagotti A, Gagliardi ML, Ruffo G, Ceccaroni M, Scambia G, et al. Discoid or segmental rectosigmoid resection for deep infiltrating endometriosis: a case-control study. Fertil Steril 2010;94:444-9.
  241. Moscarini M, Milazzo GN, Assorgi C, Pacchiarotti A, Caserta D. Ovarian stripping versus cystectomy: recurrence of endometriosis and pregnancy rate. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2014;290:163-7.
  242. Muzii L, Achilli C, Bergamini V, Candiani M, Garavaglia E, Lazzeri L, et al. Comparison between the stripping technique and the combined excisional/ ablative technique for the treatment of bilateral ovarian endometriomas: a multicentre RCT. Hum Reprod 2016;31:339-44.
  243. Seracchioli R, Mabrouk M, Montanari G, Manuzzi L, Concetti S, Venturoli S. Conservative laparoscopic management of urinary tract endometriosis (UTE): surgical outcome and long-term follow-up. Fertil Steril 2010;94:856-61.
  244. Stepniewska A, Pomini P, Bruni F, Mereu L, Ruffo G, Ceccaroni M, et al. Laparoscopic treatment of bowel endometriosis in infertile women. Hum Reprod 2009;24:1619-25.
  245. Brown CB, Luciano AA, Martin D, Peers E, Scrimgeour A, diZerega GS. Adept (icodextrin 4% solution) reduces adhesions after laparoscopic surgery for adhesiolysis: a double-blind, randomized, controlled study. Fertil Steril 2007;88:1413-26.
  246. Bulletti C, DeZiegler D, Stefanetti M, Cincinelli E, Pelosi E, Flamigni C. Endometriosis: Absence of recurrence in patients after endometrial ablation. Human reproduction (Oxford, England) 2001;16:2676-9.
  247. Camanni M, Bonino L, Delpiano EM, Berchialla P, Migliaretti G, Revelli A, et al. Laparoscopic conservative management of ureteral endometriosis: a survey of eighty patients submitted to ureterolysis. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2009;7:109.
  248. Hong DG, Kim JY, Lee YH, Chong GO, Cho YL, Lee YS. Safety and effect on quality of life of laparoscopic Douglasectomy with radical excision for deeply infiltrating endometriosis in the cul-desac. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A 2014;24:165-70.
  249. Mereu L, Gagliardi ML, Clarizia R, Mainardi P, Landi S, Minelli L. Laparoscopic management of ureteral endometriosis in case of moderate-severe hydroureteronephrosis. Fertil Steril 2010;93:46-51.
  250. Posadzka E, Nocun A, Jach R, Nessler M, Nessler K, Kialka M. Assessment of ovarian reserve in patients with ovarian endometriosis following laparoscopic enucleation of a cyst accompanied by CO(2) laser ablation or electroablation. Przegl Lek 2016;73:6-10.
  251. Vercellini P, Somigliana E, Daguati R, Barbara G, Abbiati A, Fedele L. The second time around: reproductive performance after repetitive versus primary surgery for endometriosis. Fertil Steril 2009;92:1253-5.
  252. Angioli R, De Cicco Nardone C, Cafa EV, Plotti F, Muzii L, Montera R, et al. Surgical treatment of rectovaginal endometriosis with extensive vaginal infiltration: results of a systematic three-step vagino-laparoscopic approach. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2014;173:83-7.
  253. Angioni S, Peiretti M, Zirone M, Palomba M, Mais V, Gomel V, et al. Laparoscopic excision of posterior vaginal fornix in the treatment of patients with deep endometriosis without rectum involvement: Surgical treatment and long-term follow-up. Hum Reprod 2006;21:1629-34.
  254. Ballester M, Dubernard G, Wafo E, Bellon L, Amarenco G, Belghiti J, et al. Evaluation of urinary dysfunction by urodynamic tests, electromyography and quality of life questionnaire before and after surgery for deep infiltrating endometriosis. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2014;179:135-40.
  255. Donnez J, Squifflet J. Complications, pregnancy and recurrence in a prospective series of 500 patients operated on by the shaving technique for deep rectovaginal endometriotic nodules. Hum Reprod 2010;25:1949-58.
  256. Hidaka T, Nakashima A, Hashimoto Y, Saito S. Effects of laparoscopic radical surgery for deep endometriosis on endometriosisrelated pelvic pain. Minim Invasive Ther Allied Technol 2012;21:355-61.
  257. Silveira da Cunha Araujo R, Abdalla Ayroza Ribeiro HS, Sekula VG, da Costa Porto BT, Ayroza Galvao Ribeiro PA. Long-term outcomes on quality of life in women submitted to laparoscopic treatment for bowel endometriosis. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2014;21:682-8.
  258. Belghiti J, Ballester M, Zilberman S, Thomin A, Zacharopoulou C, Bazot M, et al. Role of protective defunctioning stoma in colorectal resection for endometriosis. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2014;21:472-9.
  259. Klugsberger B, Shamiyeh A, Oppelt P, Jabkowski C, Schimetta W, Haas D. Clinical Outcome after Colonic Resection in Women with Endometriosis. Biomed Res Int 2015;2015:514383.
  260. Possover M. Five-Year Follow-Up After Laparoscopic Large Nerve Resection for Deep Infiltrating Sciatic Nerve Endometriosis. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2017;24:822-6.
  261. Scioscia M, Ceccaroni M, Gentile I, Rossini R, Clarizia R, Brunelli D, et al. Randomized Trial on Fast Track Care in Colorectal Surgery for Deep Infiltrating Endometriosis. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2017;24:815-21.
  262. Shaw R, Garry R, McMillan L, Sutton C, Wood S, Harrison R, et al. A prospective randomized open study comparing goserelin (Zoladex) plus surgery and surgery alone in the management of ovarian endometriomas. Gynaecol Endosc 2001;10:151-7.
  263. Dimitrijevic D, Vasiljevic M, Anicic R, Brankovic S, Ristic A, Devic A. Recurrence rate of ovarian endometriosis in patients treated with laparoscopic surgery and postoperative suppressive therapy. Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol 2015;42:339-43.
  264. Vercellini P, Frattaruolo MP, Somigliana E, Jones GL, Consonni D, Alberico D, et al. Surgical versus lowdose progestin treatment for endometriosis-associated severe deep dyspareunia II: Effect on sexual functioning, psychological status and health-related quality of life. Hum Reprod 2013;28:1221-30.
  265. Vercellini P, Somigliana E, Consonni D, Frattaruolo MP, De Giorgi O, Fedele L. Surgical versus medical treatment for endometriosis-associated severe deep dyspareunia: I. Effect on pain during intercourse and patient satisfaction. Hum Reprod 2012;27:3450-9.
  266. Yang XH, Ji F, AiLi A, TuerXun H, He Y, Ding Y. Effects of laparoscopic ovarian endometriosis cystectomy combined with postoperative GnRH-a therapy on ovarian reserve, pregnancy, and outcome recurrence. Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol 2014;41:272-5.
  267. Ozdegirmenci O, Kayikcioglu F, Akgul MA, Kaplan M, Karcaaltincaba M, Haberal A, et al. Comparison of levonorgestrel intrauterine system versus hysterectomy on efficacy and quality of life in patients with adenomyosis. Fertil Steril 2010;95:497-502.
  268. Kim CH, Cho YK, Mok JE. Simplified ultralong protocol of gonadotrophinreleasing hormone agonist for ovulation induction with intrauterine insemination in patients with endometriosis. Hum Reprod 1996;11:398-402.
  269. Rickes D, Nickel I, Kropf S, Kleinstein J. Increased pregnancy rates after ultralong postoperative therapy with gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogs in patients with endometriosis. Fertil Steril 2002;78:757-62.
  270. Remorgida V, Anserini P, Croce S, Costa M, Ferraiolo A, Capitanio GL. Comparison of different ovarian stimulation protocols for gamete intrafallopian transfer in patients with minimal and mild endometriosis. Fertil Steril 1990;53:1060-3.
  271. Keresztúri A, Kozinszky Z, Daru J, Pásztor N, Sikovanyecz J, Zádori J, et al. Pregnancy Rate after Controlled Ovarian Hyperstimulation and Intrauterine Insemination for the Treatment of Endometriosis following Surgery. Biomed Res Int 2015;2015:1-8.
  272. Tummon IS, Asher LJ, Martin JS, Tulandi T. Randomized controlled trial of superovulation and insemination for infertility associated with minimal or mild endometriosis. Fertil Steril 1997;68:8-12.
  273. Marcus SF, Edwards RG. High rates of pregnancy after long-term down-regulation of women with severe endometriosis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1994;171:812-7.
  274. Nadir Ciray H, Bener F, Karagenc L, Ulug U, Bahceci M. Impact of assisted hatching on ART outcome in women with endometriosis. Hum Reprod 2005;20:2546-9.
  275. Hagargi RP, Patil M. Endometrioma and ART: Does the needle work? Int J Infertil Fetal Med2011;2:23-31.
  276. Lutuc MH, Nemescu D, Onofriescu A, Tarnovanu M, Moscalu M, Onofriescu M. Pregnancy and recurrence rates in infertile patients operated for ovarian endometriosis. Rev Med Chir Soc Med Nat Iasi 2015;119:127-34.
  277. Serta RT, Rufo S, Seibel MM. Minimal endometriosis and intrauterine insemination: does controlled ovarian hyperstimulation improve pregnancy rates? Obstet Gynecol 1992;80:37-40.
  278. Simpson CW, Taylor PJ, Collins JA. A comparison of ovulation suppression and ovulation stimulation in the treatment of endometriosis-associated infertility. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 1992;38:207-13.
  279. Kim CH, Lee YJ, Kim JB, Lee KH, Kwon SK, Ahn JW, et al. Effect of Pioglitazone on Production of Regulated upon Activation Normal T-cell Expressed and Secreted (RANTES) and IVF Outcomes in Infertile Women with Endometriosis. Dev Reprod 2013;17:207-13.
  280. Abd Rabbo MS, Elmaghraby HA, Mashali NA, Abdel Moneim ME. Effect of aromatase inhibitor (letrozole) with long agonist protocol on the results of ICSI/ET in females with minimal and mild endometriosis. Alexandria Journal of Medicine 2012;48:303-7.
  281. Decleer W, Osmanagaoglu K, Verschueren K, Comhaire F, Devroey P. RCT to evaluate the influence of adjuvant medical treatment of peritoneal endometriosis on the outcome of IVF. Hum Reprod 2016;31:2017-23.
  282. Fedele L, Bianchi S, Marchini M, Villa L, Brioschi D, Parazzini F. Superovulation with human menopausal gonadotropins in the treatment of infertility associated with minimal or mild endometriosis: a controlled randomized study. Fertil Steril 1992;58:28-31.
  283. Fedele L, Parazzini F, Radici E, Bocciolone L, Bianchi S, Bianchi C, et al. Buserelin acetate versus expectant management in the treatment of infertility associated with minimal or mild endometriosis: a randomized clinical trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1992;166:1345-50.
  284. Hashim HA, Rakhawy ME, Elaal IA. Randomized comparison of superovulation with letrozole vs. clomiphene citrate in an IUI program for women with recently surgically treated minimal to mild endometriosis. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2012;91:338-45.
  285. He Y, Wu H, He X, Xing Q, Zhou P, Cao Y, et al. Administration of atosiban in patients with endometriosis undergoing frozen-thawed embryo transfer: a prospective, randomized study. Fertil Steril 2016;106:416-22.
  286. Johnson NP, Kwok R, Stewart AW, Saththianathan M, Hadden WE, Chamley LW. Lipiodol fertility enhancement: two-year follow-up of a randomized trial suggests a transient benefit in endometriosis, but a sustained benefit in unexplained infertility. Hum Reprod 2007;22:2857-62.
  287. Johnson NP, Farquhar CM, Hadden WE, Suckling J, Yu Y, Sadler L. The FLUSH trial-flushing with lipiodol for unexplained (and endometriosis-related) subfertility by hysterosalpingography: a randomized trial. Hum Reprod 2004;19:2043-51.
  288. Komsky-Elbaz A, Raziel A, Friedler S, Strassburger D, Kasterstein E, Komarovsky D, et al. Conventional IVF versus ICSI in sibling oocytes from couples with endometriosis and normozoospermic semen. J Assist Reprod Genet 2012;30:251-7.
  289. Daru J, Keresztúri A, Szöllösi J, Koloszár S, Pál A. The role of intrauterine insemination in the therapy of infertile women with endometriosis. J Endometr 2011;3:93-8.
  290. Moghissi KS, Hull ME, Magyar DM, Hayes MF. Comparison of different treatment modalities of endometriosis in infertile women. Contrib Gynecol Obstet 1987;16:236-40.
  291. Pabuccu R, Onalan G, Goktolga U, Kucuk T, Orhon E, Ceyhan T. Aspiration of ovarian endometriomas before intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Fertil Steril 2004;82:705-11.
  292. Acien P, Quereda FJ, Gomez-Torres MJ, Bermejo R, Gutierrez M. GnRH analogues, transvaginal ultrasound-guided drainage and intracystic injection of recombinant interleukin-2 in the treatment of endometriosis. Gynecol Obstet Invest 2003;55:96-104.
  293. Cobellis L, Castaldi MA, Giordano V, Trabucco E, De Franciscis P, Torella M, et al. Effectiveness of the association micronized N-Palmitoylethanolamine (PEA)-transpolydatin in the treatment of chronic pelvic pain related to endometriosis after laparoscopic assessment: a pilot study. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2011;158:82-6.
  294. Giannini A, Palla G, Goglia L, Genazzani AR, Genazzani A, Simoncini T. Effects of preoperative and perioperative administration of Wobenzym Vital on minimal-mild endometriosis. J Endometr Pelvic Pain Disord 2015;7:71-7.
  295. Gordon SJ, Maher PJ, Hiscock R. The effect of intraperitoneal ropivacaine on pain after laparoscopic excision of endometriosis. J Am Assoc Gynecol Laparosc 2002;9:29-34.
  296. Kauppila A, Ronnberg L. Naproxen sodium in dysmenorrhea secondary to endometriosis. Obstet Gynecol 1985;65:379-83.
  297. Koninckx PR, Craessaerts M, Timmerman D, Cornillie F, Kennedy S. Anti-TNF-alpha treatment for deep endometriosis-associated pain: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Hum Reprod 2008;23:2017-23.
  298. Schwertner A, Conceicao Dos Santos CC, Costa GD, Deitos A, de Souza A, de Souza IC, et al. Efficacy of melatonin in the treatment of endometriosis: a phase II, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Pain 2013;154:874-81.
  299. Shokeir T, Mousa S. A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study of hysteroscopic-guided pertubal diluted bupivacaine infusion for endometriosisassociated chronic pelvic pain. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2015;130:219-22.
  300. Trummer D, Walzer A, GroettrupWolfers E, Schmitz H. Efficacy, safety and tolerability of the CCR1 antagonist BAY 86-5047 for the treatment of endometriosis-associated pelvic pain: a randomized controlled trial. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2017;96:694-701.
  301. Warnock JK, Bundren JC, Morris DW. Depressive mood symptoms associated with ovarian suppression. Fertil Steril 2000;74:984-6.
  302. Wickstrom K, Bruse C, Sjosten A, Spira J, Edelstam G. Pertubation with lignocaine as a new treatment of dysmenorrhea due to endometriosis: a randomized controlled trial. Hum Reprod 2012;27:695-701.
  303. Wickstrom K, Bruse C, Sjosten A, Spira J, Edelstam G. Quality of life in patients with endometriosis and the effect of pertubation with lidocaine - a randomized controlled trial. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2013;92:1375-82.
  304. Kundu S, Wildgrube J, Schippert C, Hillemanns P, Brandes I. Supporting and Inhibiting Factors When Coping with Endometriosis From the Patients’ Perspective. Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd 2015;75:462-9.
  305. Ballard K, Lowton K, Wright J. What’s the delay? A qualitative study of women’s experiences of reaching a diagnosis of endometriosis. Fertil Steril 2006;86:1296-301.
  306. Denny E. I never know from one day to another how I will feel: pain and uncertainty in women with endometriosis. Qual Health Res 2009;19:985-95.
  307. Denny E, Mann CH. Endometriosis and the primary care consultation. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2008;139:111-5. 308.
  308. Facchin F, Saita E, Barbara G, Dridi D, Vercellini P. “Free butterflies will come out of these deep wounds”: A grounded theory of how endometriosis affects women’s psychological health. J Health Psychol 2017;23:538-49.
  309. Grundstrom H, Alehagen S, Kjolhede P, Bertero C. The doubleedged experience of healthcare encounters among women with endometriosis: a qualitative study. J Clin Nurs. 2017;27:205-11.
  310. Huntington A, Gilmour JA. A life shaped by pain: women and endometriosis. J Clin Nurs 2005;14:1124-32.
  311. Young K, Fisher J, Kirkman M. Endometriosis and fertility: women’s accounts of healthcare. Hum Reprod 2016;31:554-62.
  312. Cox H, Henderson L, Andersen N, Cagliarini G, Ski C. Focus group study of endometriosis: struggle, loss and the medical merry-go-round. Int J Nurs Pract 2003;9:2-9.
  313. Denny E. ‘You are one of the unlucky ones’: delay in the diagnosis of endometriosis. Diversity in Health & Social Care 2004;1:39-44.
  314. Grace VM. Problems women patients experience in the medical encounter for chronic pelvic pain: a New Zealand study. Health Care Women Int 1995; 16:509-19.
  315. Manderson L, Warren N, Markovic M. Circuit breaking: pathways of treatment seeking for women with endometriosis in Australia. Qual Health Res 2008;18:522-34.
  316. Markovic M, Manderson L, Warren N. Endurance and contest: women’s narratives of endometriosis. Health (London) 2008;12:349-67.
  317. Moradi M, Parker M, Sneddon A, Lopez V, Ellwood D. Impact of endometriosis on women’s lives: a qualitative study. BMC Womens Health 2014;14:123.
  318. Seear K. The third shift: health, work and expertise among women with endometriosis. Health Sociol Rev 2009;18:194-206.
  319. Whelan E. ‘No one agrees except for those of us who have it’: endometriosis patients as an epistemological community. Sociol Health Illn 2007;29:957-82.
  320. Taipale K, Leminen A, Rasanen P, Heikkila A, Tapper AM, Sintonen H, et al. Costs and health-related quality of life effects of hysterectomy in patients with benign uterine disorders. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2009;88:1402-10.
  321. Farquhar C, Brosens I. Medical and surgical management of adenomyosis. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2006;20:603-16.
  322. Guerriero S, Saba L, Pascual MA, Ajossa S, Rodriguez I, Mais V, et al. Transvaginal ultrasound (TVS) versus Magnetic Resonance (MR) for diagnosing deep infiltrating endometriosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2017.
  323. Dunselman GAJ, Vermeulen N, Becker C, Calhaz-Jorge C, D’Hooghe T, De Bie B, et al. ESHRE guideline: management of women with endometriosis. Hum Reprod 2014;29:400-12.
  324. Duffy JM, Arambage K, Correa FJ, Olive D, Farquhar C, Garry R, et al. Laparoscopic surgery for endometriosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014:N. PAG-N.PAG 1p.
  325. Chaichian S, Kabir A, Mehdizadehkashi A, Rahmani K, Moghimi M, Moazzami B. Comparing the Efficacy of Surgery and Medical Therapy for Pain Management in Endometriosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Pain Physician 2017;20:185-95.
  326. Culley L, Law C, Hudson N, Denny E, Mitchell H, Baumgarten M, et al. The social and psychological impact of endometriosis on women’s lives: a critical narrative review. Hum Reprod Update 2013;19:625-39.
  327. Young K, Fisher J, Kirkman M. Women’s experiences of endometriosis: a systematic review and synthesis of qualitative research. J Fam Plann Reprod Health Care 2015;41:225-34.
  328. Kaatz J, Solari-Twadell PA, Cameron J, Schultz R. Coping with endometriosis. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs 2010; 39:220-5; quiz 225-6.
  329. Dancet EA, Apers S, Kremer JA, Nelen WL, Sermeus W, D’Hooghe TM. The patient-centeredness of endometriosis care and targets for improvement: a systematic review. Gynecol Obstet Invest 2014;78:69-80.
  330. McGowan L, Escott D, Luker K, Creed F, Chew-Graham C. Is chronic pelvic pain a comfortable diagnosis for primary care practitioners: a qualitative study. BMC Fam Pract 2010;11:7.
  331. Grundstrom H, Kjolhede P, Bertero C, Alehagen S. “A challenge” - healthcare professionals’ experiences when meeting women with symptoms that might indicate endometriosis. Sex Reprod Healthc 2016;7:65-9.
  332. Guerriero S, Condous G, van den Bosch T, Valentin L, Leone FP, Van Schoubroeck D, et al. Systematic approach to sonographic evaluation of the pelvis in women with suspected endometriosis, including terms, definitions and measurements: a consensus opinion from the International Deep Endometriosis Analysis (IDEA) group. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2016;48:318-32.
  333. Muzii L, Marana R, Pedulla S, Catalano GF, Mancuso S. Correlation between endometriosis-associated dysmenorrhea and the presence of typical or atypical lesions. Fertil Steril 1997;68:19-22.
  334. Koninckx PR, Meuleman C, Demeyere S, Lesaffre E, Cornillie FJ. Suggestive evidence that pelvic endometriosis is a progressive disease, whereas deeply infiltrating endometriosis is associated with pelvic pain. Fertil Steril 1991;55:759-65.
  335. Garry R. Is insulin resistance an essential component of PCOS?: The endometriosis syndromes: a clinical classification in the presence of aetiological confusion and therapeutic anarchy. Hum Reprod 2004;19:760-8.
  336. Olive DL, Lindheim SR, Pritts EA. Endometriosis and infertility: what do we do for each stage? Curr Womens Health Rep 2003;3:389-94.
  337. Erwin EJ, Brotherson MJ, Summers JA. Understanding Qualitative Metasynthesis:Issues and Opportunities in Early Childhood Intervention Research. J Early Interv 2011;33:186-200.
  338. Sandelowski M, Barrosso J. Handbook for synthesizing qualitative research; 2007.
  339. ACOG Committee Opinion. Number 310, April 2005. Endometriosis in adolescents. Obstet Gynecol 2005;105:921-7.
  340. Laufer MR, Sanfilippo J, Rose G. Adolescent endometriosis: diagnosis and treatment approaches. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 2003;16:S3-11.
  341. Benagiano G, Guo SW, Puttemans P, Gordts S, Brosens I. Progress in the diagnosis and management of adolescent endometriosis: an opinion. Reprod Biomed Online 2018;36:102-14.
  342. Chou R, Turner JA, Devine EB, Hansen RN, Sullivan SD, Blazina I, et al. The effectiveness and risks of long-term opioid therapy for chronic pain: a systematic review for a National Institutes of Health Pathways to Prevention Workshop. Ann Intern Med 2015;162:276-86.
  343. Rivat C, Ballantyne J. The dark side of opioids in pain management: basic science explains clinical observation. Pain Rep 2016;1:e570.

More on the subject

Scientific article

Pettersson A, Berterö CM. How Women with Endometriosis Experience Health Care Encounters. Women's Health Reports. 2020;1(1):529-42. Open access

Page published